動詞的時態和語態
一、動詞的時態考點透析
1．常用的動詞時態句子結構。(S＝主語， do＝ 動詞原形， does＝動詞第三人稱單數，did＝過去式， doing＝現在分詞， done＝過去分詞)
一般現在時：S＋do/does＋...
一般過去時：S＋did＋...
現在進行時：S＋am/is/are doing...
過去進行時：S＋was/were doing...
一般將來時：S＋will/shall＋do...
過去將來時：S＋should/would＋do...
現在完成時：S＋have/has done...
過去完成時：S＋had done...
現在完成進行時：S＋have/has been doing...
過去完成進行時：S＋had been doing...
2．在時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句中，一般現在時表示將來，這時主句要用一般將來時態。
(1)The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.
如果下雨的話，排球賽就會推遲。
(2)If city noises are not kept from increasing，people will have to shout to be heard 20 years from now on.
如果不阻止城市噪音增長的話，20年後人們就得大喊大叫才能讓人聽見。
3．一般現在時可表示主語具備的某種能力、某種性能。如：
(1)I play ping­pong quite well，but I haven't had time to play since the new year.
我的乒乓球打得不錯，不過自從新年後，我就沒時間打球了。(“會打球”是主語具備的一種能力，不會短時間內消失，用現在時)
(2)－Can I help you，sir?
——我能幫你嗎，先生？
－Yes，I bought this radio here yesterday，but it doesn't_work．
——好的，我昨天在這裡買了個收音機，可是它不能正常工作。(doesn't work是主語的性能)
4．過去將來時和過去完成時都是相對過去時間而存在的時態，在答題時，一定要仔細揣摩上下文的時間關係。如：
(1)We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would_leave office soon.
當他清楚地說很快就要辭職時，我們都驚呆了．
(2)－How long had_they_known each other before they got married?
他們結婚前認識多長時間了？
—For about a year.
——大約一年。
(3)Helen had_left her key in the office，so she had to wait until her husband came home.
海倫把鑰匙落在辦公室了，所以她不得不等她丈夫回來。
5．leave，go，arrive，take，fly，start，begin，come等動詞的現在時可表示計劃安排好的將來，它們的進行時也可以表示將來的動作。如：
(1)The train leaves at four o'clock.Let's hurry.
火車四點出發，咱們快點吧。
(2)I've won a holiday for two weeks to Florida.I am_taking my mum together.
我贏得了去佛羅里達兩週的假期， 我將帶我媽媽一同前往。
6．be going to表示早就安排好的將來，或表示根據某種跡象判斷將要發生的事情；will/shall表示臨時決定要做的動作；be to表示按約定計劃或按職責、義務將要發生的動作，強調主語的意志和決心；be about to表示馬上就要發生的動作，不能與表示將來的確切時間狀語連用。
(1)－What are you going to do this evening?
——今晚你打算做什麼？
－I'm going to see a film with my friend.
——我打算和我朋友一起去看電影。
(2)－Haven't you known Mr.Wang is ill?
——你不知道王先生病了嗎？
－Really? Then I'll go to see him instead.
——真的嗎？那麼我就去看王先生，不去看電影了。
(3)－How about seeing a film tomorrow?
——明天去看電影怎麼樣？
－Sorry，I can't.I am to take the driving test.
——對不起，明天不行，我要考駕照。
7．如果句中有so far，since，by now，in the last few years，till now，up to now等表示時間的短語，謂語動詞只能用現在完成時。如：
(1)So far they have dug more than 100 wells to get enough drinking water.
到目前為止，為了獲取足夠的飲用水，他們已經打了一百多口水井。
(2)I have been busy during the last few days.
最近幾天我一直在忙著。
8．句型“It is the first time...”，“This is the last time...”中，從句的謂語要用現在完成時。句型“It was the first time...”，“This was the last time...”中，從句的謂語要用過去完成時。如：
(1)This is the first time I've been here.
這是我第一次來到這兒.
(2)That was the second time that they had witnessed an accident at the crossing.
那是他們第二次在十字路口目睹事故發生。
9．句中的狀語是“by the end of＋過去時間”，動詞用過去完成時。句中的狀語是“by the end of＋將來時間”，動詞用將來完成時。如：
(1)By the end of last term，we had learned about three thousand English words.
到上學期末，我們大約學了3 000個英語單詞。
(2)By the end of next month，we shall have finished Book Five.
到下個月末，我們已經學完了第五冊。
二、動詞的語態考點透析
英語中動詞有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者，被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。
做有關語態的題目可以分為兩步走：第一步確定正確的時態，第二步確定正確的語態。判斷用主動語態還是用被動語態的根據是看主語與謂語動詞之間的關係：如果是主謂關係則用主動語態，如果是動賓關係則用被動語態。
被動語態的構成(以write為例)
1.進行時、將來時、完成時、情態動詞的被動語態的謂語分別是be being done，will/shall be done, have/has/had been done，情態動詞＋be done，不要遺漏任何部分。
All the work must be finished by Friday.
所有工作都必須在週五前完成。
A railway is being built to connect these two cities.
正在修建一條鐵路連接這兩個城市。
2．get＋過去分詞表被動。
He fell and got hurt.
他摔了一跤，受傷了。
3．主動形式表被動意義。
(1)系動詞look，feel，sound，smell，taste，seem，appear，go，prove，turn等＋形容詞/名詞。
The dish tastes delicious.
這菜很好吃。
His plan proved (to be) practical.
他的計劃證明是可行的。
(2)be worth doing。
The book is worth reading.
這本書值得一讀。
(3)need/want/require/bear＋doing
＝need/want/require to be done
The room needs cleaning.
＝The room needs to be cleaned.
屋子需要打掃。
(4)be＋adj.＋to do。
The place is hard to find in the map.
這個地方在地圖上很難被發現。
(5)當句子的主語是物，同時又是動作涉及的對象，而動詞又是表明主語本身的特性時，用主動形式表被動意義。這時，句末有一個表示方式的副詞。
The pen I bought yesterday writes smoothly.
我昨天買的鋼筆書寫流暢。
The cloth washes well.
這種布耐洗。
eq \x(強化訓練)
Ⅰ.用所給動詞的正確形式填空。
1．We________(tell)that our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week.
2．Suddenly，he ________(find)that he had run out of salt.So Nick called his son...
3．People stepped on your feet or________(push) you with their elbows (肘部)，hurrying ahead to get to a bargain.
4.When Jane got home... Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking，” Jane______(inform)．
5.Being too anxious to help an event develop often________(result)in the contrary to our intention.
6．When I saw a man sitting by himself waiting for the library to open, I sat down next to him and________(begin) a conversation.
7.Most of these singers so far________(see) music as a “job” because it is a good source of making money.
8．On International Children's Day, some orphans from the Wuhan Welfare Institute for Children ________(take) to the park.
9．It was my first trip to India alone. One day, as I ______(walk) through a local market, a ten­year­old boy came over.
10.Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ (bother) us.
11．I felt very tired when I got home，and I ________ (go) straight to bed.
12．“What do you want to be？”asked Mrs. Crawford.“Oh, I________(be) president，”said the boy, with a smile.
13．When I first met Bryan I didn't like him, but I ________ (change) my mind.
14.During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs________(increase) sharply.
15.He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ________(have) it for a very long time.
16．Hurry up, kids! The school bus ______(wait) for us !
17.Jim ________(watch) a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.
18．I'm calling about the apartment you ________(advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
19．If nothing________(do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
20．Shakespeare's play Hamlet________(make) into at least ten different films over the past years.
Ⅱ.在橫線上填上合適的詞。
My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 1.________ (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2.________ (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I started getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I will always remember.
It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3.________ (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn't help crying. The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 4.________ (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 5.________ (accept) you for who you 6.________. But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？” I 7.________ (inspire) by her words. Over the past few months, I 8.________ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9.________ (love) me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10.________ (tell) me.
答案：
Ⅰ.1.were told 2.found 3.pushed 4.was informed
5．results 6.began 7.have seen 8.were taken
9．was walking 10.bothers 11.went 12.will be 13.have changed 14.has increased 15.had had
16．is waiting 17.was watching 18.advertised
19．is done 20.has been made
Ⅱ.1.reminds 2.was 3.pointed 4.are 5.will accept 6.are 7.was inspired 8.have learned 9.love
10．told
Ⅲ.短文改錯
假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文，請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤，每句中最多有兩處。錯誤涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。
增加：在缺詞處加一個漏詞符號(∧)，並在其下面寫出該加的詞。
刪除：把多餘的詞用斜線(\)畫掉。
修改：在錯的詞下畫一橫線，並在該詞下面寫出修改後的詞。
注意：1.每處錯誤及修改均僅限一詞；
2．只允許修改10處，多者(從第11處起)不計分。
It was getting dark when I get home. It was cold and I am wearing a coat.I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out the key, but I couldn't find it. I suddenly remembered that I have left it on my desk in the office. It really didn't make any difference. I know my wife was at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I knock at the door. There was no answer. I continue knocking at the door for some time. I get angry.Then I remembered something that the office boy told me at noon.He said that my wife phoned saying that she would go shopping in the afternoon with the children.It seemed that nothing could do and I would be shut out of my house.
答案：
It was getting dark when I eq \f(get,got) home. It was cold and I eq \f(am,was) wearing a coat.I walked up to the door and put my hand into my pocket to take out the key, but I couldn't find it. I suddenly remembered that I eq \f(have,had) left it on my desk in the office. It really didn't make any difference. I eq \f(know,knew) my wife was at home and the children must have come back from school by now, so I eq \f(knock,knocked) at the door. There was no answer. I eq \f(continue,continued) knocking at the door for some time. I eq \f(get,got) angry.Then I remembered something that the office boy eq \f(told,had told) me at noon.He said that my wife eq \f(phoned,had phoned) saying that she would go shopping in the afternoon with the children.It seemed that nothing could eq \f(do,be done) and I would be shut out of my house.
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