TOP 1複合句型-狀語從句
一、理論常識
狀語從句,屬於副詞性從句,簡單說就是從句在句子中擔任狀語,分為時間、目的、地點、條件。方式、讓步、比較。結果、原因9種狀語從句。
時間引導詞: when .after before ;while until till since.as soon as,everytime the moment等
地點引導詞: where.wherever等
原因引導詞: because.since=nowthat as等
條件引導詞: if .whether,unless.as long as.on condition that providing that等
結果引導詞: so/such..that so等
目的引導詞: in order that, so that等
讓步引導詞: though,although.however whatever=nomatter whateven if
方式引導詞: as asif等
比較引導詞:than as .as.themore...themore..等
二、真題舉例
例句1:While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected toperform this role,informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development.
1重點詞彙解析]transmit,vt .傳輸、傳播vi 傳輸、發射信號; (in)formal,adj.(非)正式的
[參考翻譯] 儘管正式的學習過程是由挑選出來擔當此角色的教師來進行的,非正式的學習過程卻是作為孩子成長的自然一部分而完成的
例句2; While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to
expand territory at the expense of others and thus lead to
conflict.it
cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable.
although competition is.
[重點詞彙解析1territory,n .領土、版圖; expense,n .代價、損失
vt 向.-- --收取費用; inevitable,adj.不可避免的
[參考翻譯1雖然這種競爭會引發以他人利益為代價的領土擴張行動,因此也會引發衝突,但卻不能認為類似於戰爭的國家間的衝突不可避免,儘管競爭是不可避免的。
例句3:
While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring
the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed this need not always be the case.
[重點詞彙解析]favor,vt .喜歡,贊成n.喜愛
l參考翻譯] 儘管迄今為止互聯網似乎更加青睞國際社會中的發達領域,而非不太發達的領域,情形並不總是如意。
TOP 2 複合句型-定語從句
一、理論常識
在複合句中作定語,修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句。
結構; 先行詞+關係詞(分為關係副詞和關係代詞) +從句關係代詞(that who
which.whose.as)關係副詞(when where why.how)
定語從句分為限制性定語從句及非限制定語從句,限定從直接放在先行詞後,非限定從與先行詞之間要加逗號。
二、真題舉例
例句1:The Aswan Dam for example stopped the Nile flooding but
deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods lef-all in return for a giant
reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates
electricity.
[重點詞彙解析Ideprivesb.ofsth.剝奪某人某物; silt,n .淤泥v.(使)淤塞
[參考翻譯] 例如,阿斯旺大壩阻止了尼羅河的洪水侵襲,但是也奪
去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---這一切換來的卻是一個巨大的病態的水庫,這個水庫積滿了淤泥,以至於幾乎不能發電了。
例句2: The second,by Joshua Greenberge.takes a more empirical
approach to universality.identifying traits (particularly in word order)shared by many languages ,which are considered to represent biasesthat result from cognitive constraints..(2012 49)
[重點詞彙解析Jempirical,adj.經驗主義的; result from 由....造成; cognitive,adj.認知的
[參考翻譯1第二個為此做出努力的人是約書亞格林伯格,他採用經驗主義的方法來研究普遍性,確認多種語言(尤其是語序方面的)共同特徵,這些特徵被認為是體現了由於認知侷限性而帶來的偏見。
例句3: His function is analogous to that of a judge ,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision .(2006.47)
!重點詞彙解析Ianalogous,adj.類似的; reveal,vt.揭露; reason
n.理由V.推論
l參考翻譯] 他的職責類似於法官的職責,後者必須承擔起這樣的責任: 用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程。
TOP 3 複合句型-同位語從句
一、理論常識
同位語從句是對其前面的抽象名詞(例如: idea,insistence.instruc-
tion order.plan.proposal等) 進行解釋說明,被解釋說明的詞和同
位語在邏輯上是主表關係。同位語從句的結構一定是先行詞加引導詞
加上從句的構成,that並不是唯一可以引導同位語從句的引導詞,
whether why,who .從句一定要具有完整的句子結構,主謂賓都必須
齊全,引導詞不充當任何成分。
常見先行詞:
belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news.rumor.conclusion,evidence
suggestion,problem.order.answer,decision,discovery,explana-
tion,information,knowledge,law,opinion,truth,promise,report,
thought,statement,rule.possibility.
二、真題舉例
例句1:Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evi-
dence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control
them .(2010.46)
[重點詞彙解析Idistinctly,adv.明顯地; eatup吃光、耗盡
[參考翻譯] 科學家急忙用一些明顯站不住腳的證據去營救,證據內
容是如果鳥類不能控制昆蟲的話,他們會把我們吃光。
例句2: But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more
profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the
established conventions and special responsibilities of the media.
(2007.48)
[重點詞彙解析1profoundly,adv.深刻地; reston 依靠、信賴
[參考翻譯] 但是新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻的理解法律,這種觀點基/依賴於新聞媒體對慣例和特殊責任的理解。
例句3: Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be
sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically
viable and integrated by a common set of laws.
[重點詞彙解析Isovereign,n .君主、獨立國adj.有主權的; viable
adj.可行的; integrate,v.(使...)成整體adj.整合的
[參考翻譯1他們普遍認為新生的國家是擁有主權和完全獨立的國家大到經濟上可運行良好,並由一套共同法律讓各個新的獨立國家聯
合起來。
TOP4並列句型
一,理論常識
由並列連詞連接、含有兩個或更多主謂結構的句子叫並列句。
表示轉折對比關係的並列連詞
1.but
2.yet但是; 儘管如此
3.while而,但是,可是,卻
表示因果關係的並列連詞
1.for因為
2.SO因此
表示選擇關係的連詞or
表示並列關係的並列連詞
1.and和,同,與,又,並且
2.notonly..butalso..不僅..-.而且
3.neither..nor..既不...也不
4.both..and..既..又
其他並列連詞
1.not..but..不是......而是
2 rather than 而不是; 與其....寧願
3.when 正當那時,相當於and at that time
二.真題舉例
例句1: In the American economy the concept of private property
embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also cer-
tain rights,including the right 如determine the price of a product or to
make a free contract with another private individual.
[重點詞彙解析lembrace,v .擁抱。包含n.擁抱; productive,adj.
生產(性)的; contract,n 合同V.訂約
l參考翻譯]在美國經濟中,私有財產的概念不僅包含對生產資源的所有權,也指其他一些特定的權利,如確定一個產品價格和與另一個私人個體自由簽定合同的權利。
例 句2: In addition ,the computer programs a company uses to esti-
mate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or
outside eval uation.
[重點詞彙解析lestimate,vi.估計、估價vt.估計、評價n 估計、判斷; patent,n .專利權vt 授予專利
[參考翻譯] 另外,有的公司用來鑑定關係的計算機程序或許已經申請了專利保護,並不接受同行評審或外界的評估。
TOP5倒裝句型
理論常識
倒裝句的幾種形式
1,以here there,then.now.next引出的倒裝句。
Herecomesthespecialguestoftheparty.
There seem to be many beautiful girls in the university.
2.以表地點的介詞短語引出的倒裝句。
At the school gate stood an old woman.
Under the tree are sitting some students.
Onthebedlayabigteddybear.
注意: 主語為代詞是不用倒裝。
3.以表示方位的副詞引出的倒裝句。
Off went the horse.
Down fell a dozen apples.
4.否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首。
Never have Iseen such a good teacher.
Not a moment did he waste on campus.
By no means should she be left alone.
Under no circumstances will Ibelieve you.
5.only置 於句 首。
Only in this way can we make a difference.
6.as/though引導讓步狀語從句。
Rich as he is.he spends a cent on charity.
Tryas/though hedoes,heneverseemsabletogetahighscoreinthe
e xams.
7.在虛擬條件句中,連詞if省略時,即將were .had.should等詞提到句首。
WereI you,Iwould take this chance.
Should he come tomorow.he would help us t settle the problem.
二、真題舉例
Odd though it sounds cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible
consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics,
and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a
decade that it is true.
[重點詞彙解析Iplausible,adj.貌似可信的; consequence,n .結果
推論; astrophysicist,n ,天體物理學家
I參考翻譯] 儘管它聽起來很奇怪,宇宙膨脹說是在基礎粒子物理學中的一些公認的觀點在科學上貌似可信的推論,並且很多天體物理學家在近十年中已經相信這種理論是真實的。
TOP6插入句型結構
一、理論常識
插入結構表示說話人的態度和看法,解釋或者說明整個句子,去掉之
後句子仍然完整。插入結構的成分可以是副詞。形容詞短語、介詞短
語、不定式短語、分詞短語或者主謂結構。在這就不一一論述了。但
值得注意的是插入語的翻譯,有些插入語,尤其是位於句首的插入語
可保持原文中的詞序。然而,在許多情況下,需要對英語原文句子
的順序作必要的調整,使譯文符合漢語習慣。
二.真題舉例
But forasmallgroupofstudents professionaltrainingmightbethe
way to go since well-developed skills all other factors being equal.
can be the difference between having a job and not.
[參考翻譯1但是,對一小部分學生來說,專業訓練也是條可取的路徑。因為在其他因素相同的情況下,技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關
TOP7強調句型結構
一.理論常識
強調主要有兩種形式;
強調謂語
Eg1: lloveyou.-Idoloveyou.->ldidloveyou.
Eg2: Cel Iphone /Internet 1 computer brings us convenience.
一> Cell phone 1 Internet Icomputer does bring us convenience.
2 強調句式: Itis/was+被強調成分+that/who+句子其他成分。
l步驟1
a.先寫出正確的簡單句,並列句或複合句,明確單句的各個成分。
b.在被強調成分(除謂語和補語外)兩邊添加itis/was和that/who其他成分不變,必要時調整順序。
1強調句式特徵1去掉is.'was..that,who結構,整個句子無冗餘或成分殘缺。
Eg1: M; mothe always encourages me not to lose heart when Ihave
difficulties in study.
一> It is my mothes who /that always encourages me not to lose heart
when Ihave diffiulties in study.
-> It is when Ihave difficuties in study that my mother always en-
courages me not t lose heart.
二.真題舉例
Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual
consumers. coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize prof-
its and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that togeth-
er determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to
produceit.
[重點詞彙解析Icouplewith與--..-相結合; maximize,v .取...最大值、達到最大值
[參考翻譯1因此,在美國的經濟體系中,個體消費者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的慾望和個人想最大化其收入效用的慾望相結合一起決定了什麼應該被製造,,以及資源如何被用來製造它們。
TOP8否定句型結構
一.理論常識
1.部分否定
Not both of them are my brothers.
Both of them are not my brothers.
All isnot goldthat glitters.
2.雙重否定
雙重否定分為三種;
肯 定 型: There are no roses without thorns.
強調型: ljustcan' tdonothing.
委婉型: Ican' thardlyreadyourhandwriting.
3.幾乎否定
She is barely right.
Iseldom got any sleep last night.
Few people can understand why he did it
二.真題舉例
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts Pe-
culiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappro-
priate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
(重點詞彙解析1methodology,n 方法論; referto參考、涉及、指的是; branch,n .分支以分支。出現分歧
[參考翻譯]所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念,還是指
歷史研究中各個具體領城使用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。
TOP9 比較句型結構
一、理論常識
比較結構
1.no/not..otherthan
2.the比較級.-...the比較級......
3,rather.,than..
4. more than / no more than
S.lessthan/nolessthan
6. more A than 8 1 no more A than B
7. less A than B 1 no less A than B
8. nothing else than
10.asmuchas
11.notas..asm
12.notsomuch..as.
二、真題舉例
They may teach very well, and more than ear thein salaries, but most of
them make little or no independent reflections on human problems
which involve moral judgment (2006. 50)
[重點聞匯解析Jreflection,n 反射。沉思; involve,n 、涉及、包含
1參考翻譯1他們可能擅長教書節,而且不僅僅專注於賺錢,但是這些人大部分對涉及人類道德判斷的題很少或沒有進行獨立的思考。
TOP10 省略句型結構
一.理論常識
省略結構的掌握要求是:
1.快速識別句子省略的內容:
2.補全句子省略的內容。常見的省略現象會出現在並列結構中、狀語
從句中、名詞性從句中和定語從句中。
(1)並列結構中的省略
在並列句中,後面的分句往往省略和上文重合的部分。
例: Ithink you' llwintherace; indeedweall think so.
我認為你一定會贏得這場比賽,事實上我們都這樣想。{so=you' ll
win the race)
(2)狀語從句中的省略
在when/while/if/as if/though(although)/ as/unt l/whether等連詞引導
的狀語從句中,若謂語是be,主語是t或與主句的主語相同時,則通
常連同be動詞一起被省略。
例: If (it is) necessary.we can give you another chance.
如果必要的話,我們可以再給你一次機會。
(3)名詞性從句中的省略
常見的是使用不定式在主動表達中省略動詞的施動者,在被動表達中
省略助動詞、情態動詞等。
例: She will go to Bejing, but Idon' tknow how (she will go to Bei-
jing)
她將去北京但我不知道她怎麼去。
[4)定語從句中的省略
定語從句中也常使用不定式作為省略的手段當用as引導非限制性定語
從句時,常省略系動詞。
例1: All tests require a potential candidate with whom (the tests) to
compare DNA.
所有的測試都需要一個潛在的對象,從而可以將DNA與其比較。
例2: He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.
他給出的答案和以前一樣。
二.真題舉例
However,it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain
smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it
often enough (05.完型)
[重點詞彙解析linsensitive,adj.感覺遲鈍的; expose,vt .使曝光
揭露、顯示
[參考翻譯] 然而我們卻發現,即使某些人開始時對某種氣味不敏感,如果經常接觸這種氣味,也會對它敏感起來。