'英語十大詞類精講(數詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞)(二)'

英語 一枝寒梅初中英語數學 2019-09-03
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第六課時 數 詞

一、基數詞

基數詞表示數量:

one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/ten/eleven/twelve/thirteen/fourteen/fifteen/sixteen

seventeen/eighteen/nineteen/twenty/thirty/forty

fifty/sixty/seventy/eighty/ninety/twenty-one

thirty-eight/fifty-three/a hundred/a thousand

a million/a billion

注意:表示具體數目的hundren, thousand, million等均不用複數,百位數和十位數之間通常加連詞and;十位數與個位數之間要加連字符。

二、序數詞

first/second/third/fourth/fifth/sixth/seventh

eighth/ninth/tenth/eleventh/twelfth/thirteenth

fourteenth/fifteenth/sixteenth/seventeenth

eighteenth/nineteenth/twentieth/thirtieth

fortieth/fiftieth/sixtieth/seventieth/eightieth

ninetieth/hundredth/twenty-first/ninety-ninty

a hundred and fifty-third

序數詞的縮寫形式:由阿拉伯數字後加上序數詞的最後兩個字母。

first---1st second --- 2nd tenth --- 10th

三、時間和年月日表示法

1、時間均用基數詞表示:

1)順讀法,先說“點鐘”,再說“分鐘”,如:

2:15 two fifteen

6:20 six twenty

2)逆讀法

30分鐘以內:“分鐘數+ past +鐘點數”,如:

3:20 --- twenty past three

2:10 --- ten past two

半小時用 half,15分鐘用 a quarter :

2:15 --- a quarter past two

3:30 --- half past three

30分鐘以外要用:“分鐘數+ to + 下一個鐘點”,如:

4:35 --- twenty-five to five

2:55 --- five to three

2)年月日表示法

年份讀法;月日讀法;年月日一起讀法。

四、分數的表示法

當分數中表示分子的數只含個位數時一般採用“分子(用基數詞)+分母(用序數詞)”表示。(分子大於1時,分母序數詞用複數)如:

one-third; two-thirds;

three twenty-seconds

五、數詞與名詞的搭配

1)數詞與名詞連用時,它們的次序是“名詞+基數詞”

Lesson 15; Room 1506 或者用“the + 序數詞 + 名詞”

The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor

2)數詞與小時的搭配

two hours and a half three hours

half an hour

第七課時 形容詞

一、概述

形容詞修飾名詞,說明人或事物或特徵。在句中可作定語、表語、賓語補足語。

The beautiful girl is Tom’s sister.(充當定語)

Three is nothing serious, is there?(充當定語,修飾不定代詞的形容詞及短語要放在不定代詞之後)

The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.(作表語)

The old are looked after well.(有些形容詞和定冠詞the連用時,表示一類人或物,其謂語動詞用複數形式)

二、形容詞比較級及最高級的形式

1、絕大部分雙音節形容詞和單音節形容詞的比較等級變化是規則變化。

情 況/變 化 形 式/舉 例

①一般情況在詞尾直接加-er ; -est:small - smaller - smallest

②以e結尾的詞在詞尾加 –r ; - st :large - larger - largest

③以輔音字母+y結尾變y為i,加- er; -est:happy- happier- happiest

④以一個元音字母加一個輔音字母結尾,而且是重讀閉音節,將該輔音字母雙寫,再加-er ; -est:

fat – fatter – fattest

thin – thinner – thinnest

big – bigger – biggest

hot – hotter - hottest

2、部分雙音節和多音節形容詞比較級和最高級變化形式在多音節形容詞前加more或most

beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful

useful – more useful – most useful

3、不規則形容詞比較級和最高級形式:

good, well – better – best

bad, ill – worse – worst

many, much – more – most

little – less – least

far – farther, further – farthest, furthest

三、形容詞的比較等級的用法

1、當A=B時,則用as(副)…as(介,連)…,中間用形容詞或副詞的原級。表示甲與乙在某方面一樣

He is as tall as I (me)

2、A≠B,則用not as(so)…as… 表示甲與乙在某方面不一樣。

He is not so tall as I

= He is shorter than I

=I’m taller than he

The boy isn’t as careful as that one

= This boy isn’t as careful than that one

3、比較級+than 形式

This lesson is more difficult than that one

She is fatter than Kate

4、the+最高級+(in of)短語

Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our class

He is the oldest of the three

of 常與名詞複數或表示數量的詞連用。表示“在…之中”這一。in常與表示範圍或場所的名詞連用“在…範圍之中”

四、形容詞比較級特殊用法

1)more and more比較級連用表示“越來越……”

In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.

He is getting busier and busier.

2)The more … the more 越…就越…

The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.

The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.

3)比較級形式表達最高級:

比較級+than any other+名詞單數;

比較級+than the other+名詞複數

He is clever than any other boy

---- He is the clevest of all the boys

---- He is clever than the other boys

4、修飾比較級的副詞有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多”“甚至”,表示程度。

第八課時 副 詞

一、概述

副詞是用來修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞,表示動作的特徵、狀態的特徵或某種性質的程度。

二、副詞的分類

時間副詞、地點副詞、方式副詞、疑問副詞及程度副詞。

1、時間副詞:時間副詞表達的內涵包括回答“什麼時候”或“經常與否”

A: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;

B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;

C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;

2、地點副詞:表示地點或位置關係的副詞。

A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;

B: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;

注:B類中表示位置的副詞有時也可作介詞。

如:come in, please----- They live in the next room.

3、方式副詞:badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.

4、 程度副詞:常見的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely, terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。這些副詞多用來修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞以加強語氣。

5、 疑問副詞:是用來引導一個特殊問句,有時用來引導時間狀語從句或賓語從句。

疑問副詞有:how, when, where, why, who

6、部分副詞的用法:

1)too, either, also都是表示“也”。

too和either都用於句末,too用於肯定句中,either用於否定句及一般疑問句中,also放在句子中,BE動詞前,實義動詞後。

2)so, neither都可以用在倒裝句的開頭。

so接在肯定句後表示“也一樣”,句式:so+助動詞+主語;

neither接在一個否定句後面表示“也不,沒…….”

句式:neither+助動詞+主語

I have read the book, so has he.

Jim didn’t win the game, neither did Tom.

3)already, yet

already 和yet通常用於現在完成時中,already用於肯定句,yet用於否定句和疑問句中。

He has already finished his homework.

Jim hasn’t come back yet.

7、副詞的比較等級

副詞和形容詞一樣,也有比較級和最高級,其變化形式與形容詞的比較比較級和最高級一樣。

第九課時 介 詞

一、知識概述

介詞是一種虛詞,一般在句子中不重讀,也不能單獨充當句子成分,但與它的介詞賓語一起構成介詞短語,就可以在句子中作狀語、定語和表語。

介詞又稱前置詞,一般位於名詞或代詞的前面,表示該詞與句子其他成分的關係。在學習介詞時,最重要的是掌握介詞的用法,動介詞組的搭配,時間介詞、方位介詞、方向介詞、位置介詞、成語介詞以及動向介詞和靜向介詞的比較和區別。

二、介詞的定義及句法功能

介詞是一種虛詞,在句中不單獨作任何句子成分,只表示其後的名詞或相當於名詞的詞語與其他句子成分的關係。介詞後的名詞,或相當於名詞的其他詞組、短語或從句,稱為介詞賓語。介詞和介詞賓語一起構成介詞短語。介詞短語在句中主要用作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。

The boy over there is my brother.(作定語)

A friend in need is a friend indeed.(作定語)

I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.(作地點狀語)

To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.(作原因狀語)

I’ll be in the office every afternoon.(作表語)

He isn’t at home(作表語)

The farmer made the king out of the water.(作賓語補足語)

I found everything in good order(作賓語補足語)

三、介詞與其他詞類的固定搭配。

介詞和動詞、形容詞、名詞等常構成固定搭配。也就是說,在這些詞的後面,常常要求用一定的介詞。

1、形容詞與介詞的固定搭配

有些形容詞後面要求用固定的介詞,這類介詞常見的有:

about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with

(1) 形容詞+about

careful abouthopeful aboutsure about

He is careless about his clothes

(2)形容詞 +at

good atsurprised atangry at

(3)形容詞 + for

famous forready forsorry for

I’m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.

(4)形容詞 + from

different fromsafe from

He was absent from class this morning

My sister is different from me in many ways.

(5)形容詞 + in

interested insuccessful in

He is interested in making model ships.

2、名詞與介詞的固定搭配

(1) 名詞 + for

He made up an excuse for being late.

Did you find the cause for your failure?

(2) 名詞 + in

He has some difficulty in translating the book

She has made great progress in English.

(3) 名詞 + of

She found another way of solving the problem

He forms a bad habit of getting up late

(4) 名詞 + on

There have been several attacks on foreigners recently.

Have pity on me!

(5) 名詞 + with

I wanted to have a talk with you

He is always getting into trouble with the police

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